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Network Definition:                 A network is a set of devices often referred to as nodes connected by media links. A node can be a computer, printer or any other device capable of sending or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. The basic aim of networking is to be able to exchange data such as text, audio and video from one point to another in the world. Basic communication model                  The fundamental purpose of a communication system is the exchange of data between two points of parties. Depending upon the basic communication model, the figure given below shows one particular example, which establishes communication between a workstation and a server over a public telephone network . The above figure can be described as under. i)            Source:- This device generates the data to be transmitted. Two examples can be telephone and personal computers . ii)           Transmitter :­­- A transmitter transforms and encodes the information in such a mann

For successful E-government endeavor, two critical requirements are needed: availability and accessibility. E-government transactions have to be available 24/7. This provides citizens, partners and employees with the flexibility to process transactions outside standard government office hours. With the inclusion of websites of E-governments, and E-government website needs to satisfy this “high availability” requirement. Also, the E-government endeavor is critically dependent on the accessibility of its integral websites. If the website is not accessible to the intended target users it will not be successful. The causes of failure of the E-government program in developing countries are:  Lack of training schemes and qualified staff, which makes it hard to go with such a new trend like E-government.   Lack of educating citizens about the value and benefits of E-government, that the government itself should play the main role in this issue.   Lack of change management efforts.   High turn

E-government initiatives aimed at raising the level of government performance in general, where the proper application of these initiatives lead to upgrade the governmental services provided to citizens and the private sector and enhance the effectiveness of government work internally, in addition to broadening the participation of citizens in decision-making process. However, many studies indicate that a large proportion of initiatives to implement E-government around the world did not succeed in achieving these promised goals. There are, in fact, global consensuses on the existence of the need for deeper studies to understand the real reasons behind this failure, but in spite of higher percentage E-government projects that failed to achieve its goals globally, the world is witnessing a comprehensive consensus recognizes that failed to achieve its goals globally, the world is witnessing a comprehensive consensus recognizes that there is still the possibility of E-government initiative

E-government is an idea raised by former U.S. vice president (AI Gore), within his vision of linking the citizen to the various agencies of government for getting all kinds of government services in an automated way, in addition to the completion of the government working itself depending on information and communication with network to reduce costs improve performance, speed of delivery and effectiveness of implementation. Electronic government as government use of information communication technologies to offer for citizens and business the opportunity to interact and conduct business with government by using different electronic media such as telephone touch pad, fax, smart cards, self-service kiosks, e-mail/Internet, and EDI. It is about how government organizes itself; its administration, rules, regulation and frameworks set out to carry out service delivery and to co-ordinate, communicate and integrate process within itself. Another definition of E-government was presented by Uni

Following are the Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners. i) Business-to-business (B2B)      Business-to-business (B2B) is the exchange of products, services or information between business entities. Web based B-to-B includes:   Direct selling and support to business : In which customers can by and also get technical support from the business.   E-procurement (also known as industry portals): Where a purchasing agent can shop for supplies from vendors, request proposals, and in some cases, bid to make a purchase at a desired price.  Information sites: It provides information about a particular industry for its companies and their employees. These include specialized search sites and trade and industry standards organization sites. ii) Business-to-consumer (B2C)      The exchange of products, information or services between business and consumers in a retailing relationship. Some of the first examples of B-to-C e-commerce were amazon.com and dell.com in

E-commerce is a new way of conducting, managing an executing business transactions using modern information technology. E-commerce is a ‘commerce based on bytes’. E-commerce, defined simply, is the commercial transaction of services in an electronic format. In general terms, e-commercial is a business methodology that addresses the needs of organizations, traders and consumers to reduce costs while improving the quality of goods and services and increasing the speed of service delivery. It may also be referred to as the paperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Fund Transfer etc. E-commerce is not only about simple transactions of data but also general commercial acts such as publicity, advertisements, negotiations contracts and fund settlements. It refers to all forms of transactions relating to commercial activities including both organizations and individuals that are based upon the processing and transmission of digitized data, includi

Creating or using an USB drive to install Windows operating systems is very easy if you follow the below mentioned steps. TO Install Windows XP/Windows 7/Vista using bootable USB By using command prompt: 1. Insert your USB (4GB+ preferable) stick to the system and backup all the data from the USB as we are going to format the USB to make it as bootable. 2. Open elevated Command Prompt . To do this, type in CMD in Start menu search field and hit Ctrl + Shift + Enter. Alternatively, navigate to Start > All programs >Accessories > right click on Command Prompt and select run as administrator. 3. When the Command Prompt opens, enter the following command: DISKPART and hit enter. LIST DISK and hit enter. Once you enter the LIST DISK command, it will show the disk number of your USB drive. In the below image my USB drive disk no is Disk 1. 4. In this step you need to enter all the below commands one by one and hit enter. As these commands are self explanatory, you can easily guess

Introduction: Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program.  It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software. Written standards and procedures must guide all information systems processing functions. The organization’s management must define and implement standards and adopt an appropriate system development life cycle methodology governing the process of developing, acquiring, implementing, and maintaining computerized information systems and related technology. Examination Objectives: Determine if the board and management have established and maintained effective systems development methodology. This is accomplished through the following examination objectives: • Board and Management Oversight – Assess the adequacy of systems development oversight by examining related policies, procedures, and methodolog

Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success. In its simplest terms, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained. As such, a well-designed feasibility study should provide a historical background of the business or project, description of the product or service, accounting statements, details of the operations and management, marketing research and policies, financial data, legal requirements and tax obligations. Generally, feasibility studies precede technical development and project implementation. Technical feasibility The assessment is based on an outline design of system requirements in terms of Input, Processes, Output, Fields, Programs, and Procedures. This can be quantified in terms of volumes of data, trends, fr

●       Encourage users to speak up. Don't assume they understand that they carry equal authority on the team. ●       Ask probing questions about how users do their work, even about points that seem obvious. Ask why they so something as well as "what" and "how." ●       Do state the obvious (once, at least). Don't assume that something is "common knowledge." ●       Ask for clarification. Don't assume you are the only one confused. If users start talking office-lingo, bring them gently back down to Earth. ●       Restate the user's points in your own words to make sure you understand each other. ●       Avoid technical explanations and computer jargon. if you must use technical terminology, provide a list of terms and definitions. ●       Mention problems that you see when you see them. Don't assume that users are not mentioning something because it's okay. ●       Be clear about your schedule for implementing features. Provide fre

●       Don't be bashful. Analysts on the team are counting on you to tell what you know and to correct their misconceptions and oversights. ●       Help the analyst to understand how your work is done. Provide a context for your remarks. Give examples. ●       Ask for the features you need to do your work. Don't assume that your needs are unimportant or impossible to meet. ●       Ask for the features that make your work easier, even in small ways. ●       Make a distinction between features you must have and those that would be nice for you. Set priorities and make them clear to the analyst ●       Do state the obvious (once, at least). Don't assume that something you know is "common knowledge." ●       Ask for clarification. Don't assume that you are the only one confused. If an analyst starts talking " computerate," bring them gently back down to Earth. ●       Restate the analyst's points in your own words to make sure you understand each ot

After creating Joint Application Development (JAD) team and managing it for any project to complete, you have to know if your JAD is successful or not. Here are some methods from which you will able to know about your JAD success.  By applying the positive answers for the following questions. ● Are your meetings well attended? ● Are all affected parties involved/aware of decisions being made? ● Did you solve the true underlying problem? ● Is your solution accepted and used by your clients? ● Is the solution available on time? By applying the following Success Factors ● A clear purpose shared by all team members - the project charter ● A diverse team, representative of all areas effected by this project. ● Every person in the group has equal responsibility and decision making power. ● Every idea is valuable. Throughout the JAD, listen and acknowledge each idea and concern. Evaluating ideas during a brainstorming session will shut down the cre

Define the Project The JAD Project Leader meets with the Project Sponsor to complete a JAD Project Charter. Form the JAD Group  The Project Leader and Project Sponsor form the JAD Group making sure you have all affected areas represented. You will need a Project Sponsor, Project Leader, Business Users and Systems Analysts. A JAD Group should have 8 or fewer total members. It is hard to be effective with more than 15 members. First JAD Meeting - Kick off Meeting Your first JAD meeting may have the following agenda items: ○     Share problem definition and overall goal. Get consensus on these two items. ○     Train each member of the new group on what a JAD Group is so they will understand the purpose, the roles and how a JAD works. ○     Establish JAD Group expectations/responsibilities. ○     Determine meeting frequency, time and place. ○     Determine roles - Project Sponsor, Project Leader, Record Keeper, Timekeeper, Clients. ○     Continue holding JAD meetings